Great Falls retirement planning strategies will give you the tools you need to achieve your future financial goals for comfortable retirement years in Montana. Maybe you have created a personalized Montana retirement plan that includes a diverse Great Falls retirement planning portfolio. However, it is important not to overlook the importance of protecting the wealth you have created through hard work and wise investing. A Great Falls retirement planning professional can guide you in continuing to invest for your future in MT while showing you how to create a safety net that will protect your wealth and your loved ones.
Saving and investing for your retirement in Great Falls is just part of what it takes to have enough income to last for the rest of your life. Proper planning must also include a disciplined approach to continuing to invest throughout your working years in Montana. In addition, you must also protect the money you have put aside for your retired years with quality insurance coverage. When you think of Great Falls retirement planning, you may not think of insurance. However, the Great Falls retirement planning expert you select through this easy-to-use website will show you how to shield your nest egg from unexpected and unplanned events that could put your savings at risk.
Investing During Your Career
Many individuals are unsure about the amount they need to save to retire with financial security. However, the number may be higher than most people think. Some reasons for this may include cost of living increases and unexpected expenses later in life. If you are planning the best investment options for your portfolio in Great Falls, it is important to remember not to get complacent when it comes to saving money for your retirement. For example, if you have an amount invested that you think will be enough when you reach retirement age and receive Social Security payments, you may find yourself having to work at your MT job longer than you want to.
If you commit to a strict investment schedule as long as you are receiving regular paychecks, you will be able to create more income for your retired years. If you have access to employer-based accounts in Great Falls such as SEP, 401k or 403b plans, it is a wise financial planning move to talk to your Great Falls retirement planning expert about how much you should investing. However, if your employer does not offer one of these accounts as part of your benefit package, your Montana financial planner can help you create an individual tax-protected account such as an IRA so you will be able to put your money into a plan that allows your wealth to grow. Regardless of which option you utilize, planning to make investments for as long as you work will generate the most wealth possible for a nest egg that you can count on throughout your Great Falls retirement years.
Once you create a smart Great Falls retirement planning outline in MT, you will want to protect your assets. This is why it is important to seek reliable insurance coverage in Great Falls. When you have the coverage you need, unplanned events such as illnesses and accidents will not wipe out the savings that you worked a lifetime to accumulate.
Quality Coverage for Optimal Protection
Various types of insurance coverage will act as safety nets for your estate and your loved ones. Life insurance, health insurance, long-term care insurance, home insurance and automobile insurance are all forms of protection you may need to complete your Great Falls retirement planning goals. For example, if you are planning to retire before the age of 65 when you qualify for Medicare, it is vital to have reliable health insurance coverage. Without it, an unexpected health problem could result in substantial medical bills that would jeopardize your financial planning efforts.
Life insurance is important to pay for your final wishes and protect your Great Falls estate and loved ones when you die. In the event that you need long-term care in a nursing facility, long-term care insurance will pay for bills that otherwise could crush your investment portfolio. In addition, home insurance will protect you from costly repairs from disasters while auto insurance will provide funds in the result of an accident, theft or acts of nature. When you have the coverage you need, your nest egg will not be at risk.
Having enough money to live the way you want when you retire does not have to be a mystery. Disciplined investing to grow your wealth and quality insurance to protect it will result in dependable retirement income. Great Falls retirement planning goals that consist of these important strategies will help you reach your dreams for financial security and comfort when you retire.
Director Tarsem Singh (The Cell, The Fall, Immortals) seems to aspire to make grand masterpieces with each project he takes on, and though the results fall short, they?re at least more interesting than the more predictable alternatives. In The Fall he made an art-house fairy tale that?largely due to his own screenplay?never arrived at a compelling story, focusing instead on visual splendor for its own sake. Like Spike Jonze?who lent his name as a presenter of The Fall?Tarsem got his start in music videos, where hallucinatory imagery can stand up on its own. Here, however, Tarsem has learned to offset his excessive tendencies with a little camp, arriving at a tone closer to the fantasy comedies of Terry Gilliam (Time Bandits, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus). By the time the Bollywood dance number plays over Mirror?s closing credits, bringing one last note of offbeat silliness (Tarsem, who is Indian, co-wrote the song), you might just find yourself feeling like another one of Disney?s dwarfs: Happy.
Starvation linked to greater risk of cardiac complications Public release date: 30-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: ESC Press Office press@escardio.org 33-049-294-8627 European Society of Cardiology
London -- Russians born during the Leningrad Siege in World War II, which was responsible for some of the greatest losses of civilian life in history, are giving scientists new strategies to identify people who experienced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and starvation during childhood at greatest risk of developing long term heart complications. The abstract study, presented at the Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB) meeting, in London, UK, 30 March to 1 April 2012, makes use of a unique population of people exposed to extreme starvation both as foetuses and during childhood.
The cellular changes identified, investigators suggested, might be used to target treatments to children at greatest risk of developing heart complications. In a second study , also presented at FCVB 2012, Spanish investigators elucidated structural changes occurring in the heart as a direct consequence of IUGR. Monitoring reversal of these changes, suggested the authors, might offer a "fast track" approach for testing effectiveness of new therapies.
"Together, these innovative studies demonstrate the impact that basic research can have on the development of new approaches to heart treatments," said Sian Harding, FCVB 2012 chairperson of the Core Scientific Committee. "New treatments preventing heart changes associated with poor nutrition would benefit those exposed to IUGR and also children who've experienced reduced calorie intakes, either due to food shortages or extreme dieting."
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age, currently has an incidence estimated to be 8.1% of births in developed countries, and 6 to 30% of births in developing countries. Common causes include chronically malnourished mothers, maternal health problems during pregnancy (such as diabetes) and placentas that fail to transfer adequate nutrients from mother to foetus.
The connection between IUGR and development of subsequent heart disease was first recognised in 1989 when David Barker, from the MRC Unit at the University of Southampton, UK, showed that the lower the weight of a baby at birth and during infancy, the higher the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic conditions in later life . IUGR newborns show signs of CV remodelling and dysfunction, including reduced myocardial velocities, dilated hearts and increased thickness of artery walls.
Studies have shown that children with IUGR have a distinct cardiac morphology, with "less elongated and more globular" cardiac ventricles. "As a consequence IUGR hearts are not as efficient in generating the normal stroke volumes, which results in the need for an increased heart rate to maintain cardiac outputs. The overall result is less efficient hearts," explained Iratxe Torre, one of the investigators, from The Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.
No treatments are currently available to reverse the structural heart changes resulting from IUGR.
Telomere length provides CVD insights in survivors of Leningrad Siege.
In abstract P190 investigators from the Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St Petersburg, Russian Federation, studied the telomere length of survivors from the siege of Leningrad (1941 to 1944), which was responsible for citizens being subjected to some of the most extreme levels of starvation known in history .
"For workers the bread ration was 250g, which amounted to just 300 calories, with around half that for the rest of the population," said Olga Freylikhman, one of the study investigators. The diet, she added, contained virtually no protein. By the end of the siege out of a population of 2.9 million, including 0.5 million children, over 630,000 people had died from hunger related causes.
Telomeres are the DNA-protein complexes that encase the ends of chromosomes. Often likened to the plastic caps on shoelaces, they serve the function of promoting chromosome stability. Consistently shortened telomere lengths have been associated with health risk and disease - one study showed that mean telomere lengths (measured in blood DNA) predicted the 15 year risk of CVD mortality, and others identified shorter telomeres among subjects who smoked, had elevated blood pressure, and premature myocardial infarctions (MIs).
Identification of survivors for the study was made possible by the fact that after World War II, inhabitants of Leningrad (now St Petersburg) who survived the siege were invited to join special support societies. From these societies, still in existence today, investigators have been able to recruit 40 subjects born during the siege, and 260 born before the siege who had lived through the deprivations as children. Survivors were compared to age matched controls born during the same period (1930 to 1943) and now living in St Petersburg, but who had not been exposed to siege conditions. All subjects were asked to fill in questionnaires regarding lifestyle factors and take part in a range of tests including blood pressure measurements, fasting lipids and glucose tests, carotid ultrasound, arterial stiffness, and cognitive function, as well as measurements of their telomere lengths by quantitative PCR.
While measurements of telomere length for all subjects are now in progress, preliminary results (presented in the abstract) comparing the telomere length of survivors of the siege (n=106), with controls (n=27) show that survivors had significantly shorter telomere lengths (p
"Our results suggest that measuring telomere length might ultimately be used as a way to stratify heart risk in people who've experienced both intrauterine starvation and food shortages during childhood. Those found to be at high risk could be managed using aggressive prevention measures," said Freylikhman.
One possible explanation for the lack of differences found between subjects exposed to intrauterine shortages and those experiencing childhood starvation, suggested Freylikhman, is that the people with IUGR who have shorter telomere lengths were more likely to have died immediately following the siege.
Further studies are planned to explore differences in telomere length according to the ages of children at the time of siege, and to explore whether telomere length and metabolic disorders affect the offspring of survivors of the siege.
Spanish team documents IUGR changes to heart muscle architecture
In the second study Iratxe Torre and colleagues set out to identify the changes that occur to the cardiac muscle "architecture" following IUGR . The investigators, from The Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain, used an animal model of IUGR based on the selective ligature of the uteroplacental vessels in pregnant rabbits that restrict blood flow to the foetus.
"Rabbits represent an ideal model for IUGR. They have similar placenta structure and heart muscle compositions to humans and possess a two-horned uterus. Ligatures can be applied to one horn, while the other can be left to provide the perfect experimental control," explained Torre.
Using Polarization Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (PSHGM), a technique that is highly sensitive to changes in the molecular organisation of cardiac sarcomeres, the team revealed differences in the position of myosin proteins between IUGR animals and controls.
Sarcomeres, representing the basic contractile unit of cardiac muscle, are composed of the protein actin (which forms the thin filaments) and the protein myosin (which forms the thick filament). Actin and myosin slide past each other when muscles contract and relax.
The Spanish team found that the distance between the myosin molecules inside the thick filaments (known as the helical pitch angle) was increased slightly in the IUGR rabbit muscle (by around two nanometres) immediately following birth in comparison to the normal controls. The displacement, persisted when young adults were examined again 70 days after birth.
"Our work suggests the 3D conformation of myosin within the cardiac thick filaments is changed following IUGR," said Torre. In a second abstract ?, she added, the team went on to observe that similar changes occur in the myosin filaments of older rabbits (aged around one year).
"It appears that growth restricted rabbits are born with prematurely old sarcomeres," said Torre. "Changes to the myosin structure might provide a direct explanation for the adverse CV outcomes found in IUGR."
Measurements of the helical pitch angle, which documents highly precise changes to the structure and orientation of myosin thick filaments, the investigators suggested, offers a new way to assess the effectiveness of potential treatments to prevent the cardiovascular complications of IUGR in animal models. "Using such a precise approach would allow much faster development of treatments related to both the heart changes occurring in IUGR and cardiomyopathies related to ageing," said Torre.
###
Reference.
1. O Freylikhman, O Rotar, N Chromova, et al. Telomere length in metabolic disorders in group of survivors of Leningrad siege. FPN 536
http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102438
2. I Torre, I Amat-Roldan, I Iruretagoiena et al. Intrauterine growth restriction alters myosin thick filaments ultrastructure in cardiac sarcomeres and persists in adult life. FPN 623 http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102498
3. D. Barker, C Osmond, PD Winter , et al. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989, September 9; 2 (8663):577-580.
4. I Torre, S Psilodimitrakopoulos, S Iruretagoyena et al. Helical pitch angle of myosin thick filaments correlates with aging and beta myosin heavy chain isoform distribution. FPN 418 http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102323&eevtid=51
Authors: ESC Press Office
Tel: 33-4-92-94-86-27
Fax: 33-4-92-94-86-69
Email: press@escardio.org
About the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) represents more than 75,000 cardiology professionals across Europe and the Mediterranean. Its mission is to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Europe.
About Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB)
Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB) is a biennial meeting organised by the ESC Council on Basic Cardiovascular Science (CBCS) together with eight ESC Working Groups and six European basic science societies (Sister Societies).
The ESC working groups include Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology; Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology; Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy; Cellular Biology of the Heart; Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation; Development, Anatomy and Pathology; Myocardial Function; and Thrombosis. The sister societies include European Vascular Biology Organization; International Society for Heart Research;-European Section, European Council for Cardiovascular Research; European Society for Microcirculation; European Atherosclerosis Society; and Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Starvation linked to greater risk of cardiac complications Public release date: 30-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: ESC Press Office press@escardio.org 33-049-294-8627 European Society of Cardiology
London -- Russians born during the Leningrad Siege in World War II, which was responsible for some of the greatest losses of civilian life in history, are giving scientists new strategies to identify people who experienced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and starvation during childhood at greatest risk of developing long term heart complications. The abstract study, presented at the Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB) meeting, in London, UK, 30 March to 1 April 2012, makes use of a unique population of people exposed to extreme starvation both as foetuses and during childhood.
The cellular changes identified, investigators suggested, might be used to target treatments to children at greatest risk of developing heart complications. In a second study , also presented at FCVB 2012, Spanish investigators elucidated structural changes occurring in the heart as a direct consequence of IUGR. Monitoring reversal of these changes, suggested the authors, might offer a "fast track" approach for testing effectiveness of new therapies.
"Together, these innovative studies demonstrate the impact that basic research can have on the development of new approaches to heart treatments," said Sian Harding, FCVB 2012 chairperson of the Core Scientific Committee. "New treatments preventing heart changes associated with poor nutrition would benefit those exposed to IUGR and also children who've experienced reduced calorie intakes, either due to food shortages or extreme dieting."
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age, currently has an incidence estimated to be 8.1% of births in developed countries, and 6 to 30% of births in developing countries. Common causes include chronically malnourished mothers, maternal health problems during pregnancy (such as diabetes) and placentas that fail to transfer adequate nutrients from mother to foetus.
The connection between IUGR and development of subsequent heart disease was first recognised in 1989 when David Barker, from the MRC Unit at the University of Southampton, UK, showed that the lower the weight of a baby at birth and during infancy, the higher the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic conditions in later life . IUGR newborns show signs of CV remodelling and dysfunction, including reduced myocardial velocities, dilated hearts and increased thickness of artery walls.
Studies have shown that children with IUGR have a distinct cardiac morphology, with "less elongated and more globular" cardiac ventricles. "As a consequence IUGR hearts are not as efficient in generating the normal stroke volumes, which results in the need for an increased heart rate to maintain cardiac outputs. The overall result is less efficient hearts," explained Iratxe Torre, one of the investigators, from The Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.
No treatments are currently available to reverse the structural heart changes resulting from IUGR.
Telomere length provides CVD insights in survivors of Leningrad Siege.
In abstract P190 investigators from the Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St Petersburg, Russian Federation, studied the telomere length of survivors from the siege of Leningrad (1941 to 1944), which was responsible for citizens being subjected to some of the most extreme levels of starvation known in history .
"For workers the bread ration was 250g, which amounted to just 300 calories, with around half that for the rest of the population," said Olga Freylikhman, one of the study investigators. The diet, she added, contained virtually no protein. By the end of the siege out of a population of 2.9 million, including 0.5 million children, over 630,000 people had died from hunger related causes.
Telomeres are the DNA-protein complexes that encase the ends of chromosomes. Often likened to the plastic caps on shoelaces, they serve the function of promoting chromosome stability. Consistently shortened telomere lengths have been associated with health risk and disease - one study showed that mean telomere lengths (measured in blood DNA) predicted the 15 year risk of CVD mortality, and others identified shorter telomeres among subjects who smoked, had elevated blood pressure, and premature myocardial infarctions (MIs).
Identification of survivors for the study was made possible by the fact that after World War II, inhabitants of Leningrad (now St Petersburg) who survived the siege were invited to join special support societies. From these societies, still in existence today, investigators have been able to recruit 40 subjects born during the siege, and 260 born before the siege who had lived through the deprivations as children. Survivors were compared to age matched controls born during the same period (1930 to 1943) and now living in St Petersburg, but who had not been exposed to siege conditions. All subjects were asked to fill in questionnaires regarding lifestyle factors and take part in a range of tests including blood pressure measurements, fasting lipids and glucose tests, carotid ultrasound, arterial stiffness, and cognitive function, as well as measurements of their telomere lengths by quantitative PCR.
While measurements of telomere length for all subjects are now in progress, preliminary results (presented in the abstract) comparing the telomere length of survivors of the siege (n=106), with controls (n=27) show that survivors had significantly shorter telomere lengths (p
"Our results suggest that measuring telomere length might ultimately be used as a way to stratify heart risk in people who've experienced both intrauterine starvation and food shortages during childhood. Those found to be at high risk could be managed using aggressive prevention measures," said Freylikhman.
One possible explanation for the lack of differences found between subjects exposed to intrauterine shortages and those experiencing childhood starvation, suggested Freylikhman, is that the people with IUGR who have shorter telomere lengths were more likely to have died immediately following the siege.
Further studies are planned to explore differences in telomere length according to the ages of children at the time of siege, and to explore whether telomere length and metabolic disorders affect the offspring of survivors of the siege.
Spanish team documents IUGR changes to heart muscle architecture
In the second study Iratxe Torre and colleagues set out to identify the changes that occur to the cardiac muscle "architecture" following IUGR . The investigators, from The Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain, used an animal model of IUGR based on the selective ligature of the uteroplacental vessels in pregnant rabbits that restrict blood flow to the foetus.
"Rabbits represent an ideal model for IUGR. They have similar placenta structure and heart muscle compositions to humans and possess a two-horned uterus. Ligatures can be applied to one horn, while the other can be left to provide the perfect experimental control," explained Torre.
Using Polarization Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (PSHGM), a technique that is highly sensitive to changes in the molecular organisation of cardiac sarcomeres, the team revealed differences in the position of myosin proteins between IUGR animals and controls.
Sarcomeres, representing the basic contractile unit of cardiac muscle, are composed of the protein actin (which forms the thin filaments) and the protein myosin (which forms the thick filament). Actin and myosin slide past each other when muscles contract and relax.
The Spanish team found that the distance between the myosin molecules inside the thick filaments (known as the helical pitch angle) was increased slightly in the IUGR rabbit muscle (by around two nanometres) immediately following birth in comparison to the normal controls. The displacement, persisted when young adults were examined again 70 days after birth.
"Our work suggests the 3D conformation of myosin within the cardiac thick filaments is changed following IUGR," said Torre. In a second abstract ?, she added, the team went on to observe that similar changes occur in the myosin filaments of older rabbits (aged around one year).
"It appears that growth restricted rabbits are born with prematurely old sarcomeres," said Torre. "Changes to the myosin structure might provide a direct explanation for the adverse CV outcomes found in IUGR."
Measurements of the helical pitch angle, which documents highly precise changes to the structure and orientation of myosin thick filaments, the investigators suggested, offers a new way to assess the effectiveness of potential treatments to prevent the cardiovascular complications of IUGR in animal models. "Using such a precise approach would allow much faster development of treatments related to both the heart changes occurring in IUGR and cardiomyopathies related to ageing," said Torre.
###
Reference.
1. O Freylikhman, O Rotar, N Chromova, et al. Telomere length in metabolic disorders in group of survivors of Leningrad siege. FPN 536
http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102438
2. I Torre, I Amat-Roldan, I Iruretagoiena et al. Intrauterine growth restriction alters myosin thick filaments ultrastructure in cardiac sarcomeres and persists in adult life. FPN 623 http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102498
3. D. Barker, C Osmond, PD Winter , et al. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989, September 9; 2 (8663):577-580.
4. I Torre, S Psilodimitrakopoulos, S Iruretagoyena et al. Helical pitch angle of myosin thick filaments correlates with aging and beta myosin heavy chain isoform distribution. FPN 418 http://spo.escardio.org/AbstractDetails.aspx?id=102323&eevtid=51
Authors: ESC Press Office
Tel: 33-4-92-94-86-27
Fax: 33-4-92-94-86-69
Email: press@escardio.org
About the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) represents more than 75,000 cardiology professionals across Europe and the Mediterranean. Its mission is to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Europe.
About Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB)
Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB) is a biennial meeting organised by the ESC Council on Basic Cardiovascular Science (CBCS) together with eight ESC Working Groups and six European basic science societies (Sister Societies).
The ESC working groups include Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology; Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology; Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy; Cellular Biology of the Heart; Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation; Development, Anatomy and Pathology; Myocardial Function; and Thrombosis. The sister societies include European Vascular Biology Organization; International Society for Heart Research;-European Section, European Council for Cardiovascular Research; European Society for Microcirculation; European Atherosclerosis Society; and Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Penn biologists identify a key enzyme involved in protecting nerves from degenerationPublic release date: 30-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Katherine Unger Baillie kbaillie@upenn.edu 215-898-9194 University of Pennsylvania
PHILADELPHIA - A new animal model of nerve injury has brought to light a critical role of an enzyme called Nmnat in nerve fiber maintenance and neuroprotection. Understanding biological pathways involved in maintaining healthy nerves and clearing away damaged ones may offer scientists targets for drugs to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Parkinson's, as well as aid in situations of acute nerve damage, such as spinal cord injury.
University of Pennsylvanian biologists developed the model in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
"We are using the basic power of the fly to learn about how neurons are damaged in acute injury situations," said Nancy Bonini, senior author of the research and a professor in the Department of Biology at Penn. "Our work indicates that Nmnat may be key."
The research was published in Current Biology. First author on the study is postdoctoral researcher Yanshan Fang, with additional contributions from postdoctoral researcher Lorena Soares and research technicians Xiuyin Teng and Melissa Geary, all of Penn's Department of Biology.
When a nerve suffers an acute injury -- as might be caused by a penetrating wound, for example, or a broken bone that damages nearby tissues -- the long projection of the nerve cell, called the axon, can become injured and degenerate. The process by which it disintegrates is known as Wallerian or Wallerian-like degeneration and is an active, orderly process.
Though this function of eliminating damaged nerve cells is crucial, biologists do not have a clear understanding of all of the molecular signaling pathways that govern the process.
Bonini's lab has previously focused on chronic neurodegenerative diseases but made this foray into acute nerve injury to determine if mechanistic overlaps exist between acute axon injury and chronic neurodegeneration. They first searched for an appropriate nerve tract to target and identified the wing of adult flies as a prime option.
The fly wing is not only translucent and a site of lengthy nerve fibers that can be easily observed, but it can also be cut to cause injury without killing the fly. That way, the researchers can follow the animal's response to nerve injury for weeks.
Using various reagents to manipulate the fly's genetic traits, the team confirmed that the cut wing nerve underwent Wallerian degeneration. They then tested versions of Nmnat and another protein called WldS, all of which had previously been shown to protect nerves from degeneration, to see if any of these might stop the process. All significantly delayed neurodegeneration. Even a form of Nmnat that hadn't worked in other animal models suppressed degeneration, although to a lesser extent.
"That indicates that our assay is really sensitive," Bonini said. "This sensitivity could help us identify genes that have moderate although important functionality at protecting against nerve degeneration."
Their investigations into the wing nerve also showed that the degenerating axon "died back," fragmenting first from the axon terminals, the side farthest from the nerve cell bodya pattern similar to what has been seen in other disorders.
Doing more genetic tinkering, the researchers showed that when the animal's own Nmnat was depleted, the nerves fragmented in the same way as if the axon was physically cut. And when Nmnat and the other "rescue" proteins were added back to these genetically modified flies, they were able to block degeneration, highlighting that Nmnat is critical to maintaining healthy axons.
In a final set of experiments, the biologists sought to narrow where in the nerve cells Nmnat might be working. They focused on mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells. When they created a genetic line of flies that blocked mitochondria from entering the axon fibers, the nerve tract degenerated, again, in a dying-back fashion. Yet now WldS and Nmnat failed to prevent axon degeneration, suggesting that those proteins may act on and require the presence of axonal mitochondria to maintain healthy nerves in normal flies.
Flipping that scenario around, they looked to see what happened to the mitochondria of flies upon nerve injury. When they cut the wing nerve axons, the mitochondria rapidly disappeared. Yet they can largely preserve the mitochrondria by increasing expression of Nmnat.
Their results, taken together with the findings of other studies, suggest that Nmnat may stabilize mitochondria in some way in order to keep axons in a healthy state.
"We have some hope that these proteins or their activity may someday serve as drug targets or could provide the foundation for a therapeutic advance," Bonini said. "But right now, my hope is that the power of the fly model will open up a lot of new directions of research and new pathways that could be targets for development in the future."
###
This study was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Fidelity Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Penn biologists identify a key enzyme involved in protecting nerves from degenerationPublic release date: 30-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Katherine Unger Baillie kbaillie@upenn.edu 215-898-9194 University of Pennsylvania
PHILADELPHIA - A new animal model of nerve injury has brought to light a critical role of an enzyme called Nmnat in nerve fiber maintenance and neuroprotection. Understanding biological pathways involved in maintaining healthy nerves and clearing away damaged ones may offer scientists targets for drugs to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Parkinson's, as well as aid in situations of acute nerve damage, such as spinal cord injury.
University of Pennsylvanian biologists developed the model in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
"We are using the basic power of the fly to learn about how neurons are damaged in acute injury situations," said Nancy Bonini, senior author of the research and a professor in the Department of Biology at Penn. "Our work indicates that Nmnat may be key."
The research was published in Current Biology. First author on the study is postdoctoral researcher Yanshan Fang, with additional contributions from postdoctoral researcher Lorena Soares and research technicians Xiuyin Teng and Melissa Geary, all of Penn's Department of Biology.
When a nerve suffers an acute injury -- as might be caused by a penetrating wound, for example, or a broken bone that damages nearby tissues -- the long projection of the nerve cell, called the axon, can become injured and degenerate. The process by which it disintegrates is known as Wallerian or Wallerian-like degeneration and is an active, orderly process.
Though this function of eliminating damaged nerve cells is crucial, biologists do not have a clear understanding of all of the molecular signaling pathways that govern the process.
Bonini's lab has previously focused on chronic neurodegenerative diseases but made this foray into acute nerve injury to determine if mechanistic overlaps exist between acute axon injury and chronic neurodegeneration. They first searched for an appropriate nerve tract to target and identified the wing of adult flies as a prime option.
The fly wing is not only translucent and a site of lengthy nerve fibers that can be easily observed, but it can also be cut to cause injury without killing the fly. That way, the researchers can follow the animal's response to nerve injury for weeks.
Using various reagents to manipulate the fly's genetic traits, the team confirmed that the cut wing nerve underwent Wallerian degeneration. They then tested versions of Nmnat and another protein called WldS, all of which had previously been shown to protect nerves from degeneration, to see if any of these might stop the process. All significantly delayed neurodegeneration. Even a form of Nmnat that hadn't worked in other animal models suppressed degeneration, although to a lesser extent.
"That indicates that our assay is really sensitive," Bonini said. "This sensitivity could help us identify genes that have moderate although important functionality at protecting against nerve degeneration."
Their investigations into the wing nerve also showed that the degenerating axon "died back," fragmenting first from the axon terminals, the side farthest from the nerve cell bodya pattern similar to what has been seen in other disorders.
Doing more genetic tinkering, the researchers showed that when the animal's own Nmnat was depleted, the nerves fragmented in the same way as if the axon was physically cut. And when Nmnat and the other "rescue" proteins were added back to these genetically modified flies, they were able to block degeneration, highlighting that Nmnat is critical to maintaining healthy axons.
In a final set of experiments, the biologists sought to narrow where in the nerve cells Nmnat might be working. They focused on mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells. When they created a genetic line of flies that blocked mitochondria from entering the axon fibers, the nerve tract degenerated, again, in a dying-back fashion. Yet now WldS and Nmnat failed to prevent axon degeneration, suggesting that those proteins may act on and require the presence of axonal mitochondria to maintain healthy nerves in normal flies.
Flipping that scenario around, they looked to see what happened to the mitochondria of flies upon nerve injury. When they cut the wing nerve axons, the mitochondria rapidly disappeared. Yet they can largely preserve the mitochrondria by increasing expression of Nmnat.
Their results, taken together with the findings of other studies, suggest that Nmnat may stabilize mitochondria in some way in order to keep axons in a healthy state.
"We have some hope that these proteins or their activity may someday serve as drug targets or could provide the foundation for a therapeutic advance," Bonini said. "But right now, my hope is that the power of the fly model will open up a lot of new directions of research and new pathways that could be targets for development in the future."
###
This study was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Fidelity Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
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The original tea in southern China's Kerry Wood, as a famous health drink tea, it is the ancient people of southern China on the contribution of the Chinese food culture, the Chinese People's contribution to world food culture. The Shennong said Don Lu Yu "tea": "to drink tea between the Shennong Shi" China is the homeland of tea. Why China is the homeland of tea China is the homeland of tea, is the origin of tea. The familiarity of the Chinese tea to emperors, kings, men of letters, philosophers, to porters, traders husband, civilians, all with tea as well. The beginning of the tea culture by the Confucian ideological involvement in the world. Why is the birthplace of tea, the following details. Northern Dynasty in the Jin Dynasty, some visionary politicians have proposed the "Honesty" tea, against the luxury of the wind. Wei, Jin, unrest in the world, scholars since World Marina gradually Hing light wind. These people talk all day long, must add to the fun things, so many Hing banquets, so the original light house drinker. Such as: Bamboo Grove. Later the light wind to the general scholar, but can booze all day drunk are few, and can be a long drink tea and always remain sober, so the light house have turned to tea. So late a lot of tea. People often say: "open seven things the poor Youyanjiangcu tea. This shows that tea has penetrated all strata of the people. The same minority of good tea, Tibetan butter tea, Mongolian milk tea tea culture in the formation and development of tea to the cultural landscape in the Jin Dynasty Northern Dynasty. On its from the edge to be traced back to the Han Dynasty, there is a formal documented (written by Han Wang Bao Tong about "). The first preference of tea is the author of Yashi. Mention cold Fu in China's literary history, the most important Sima Xiang-ru and Yang Xiong, and are famous early tea. Sima Xiang Zeng, such as for "where" as "dialects" in Yang Xiong, a medicinal, one from a literary point of view it comes to tea. Jin Dynasty, Zhang had set out to write "landing the Chengdu floor poetry": "May I ask Yang homes, imagine Nagaaki Lu Fang tea crown conditions, overflow taste broadcast nine districts.Xi Hu Long Jing Han literati advocate tea move the tea into the field of culture a start. To the Northern and Southern Dynasties, almost every culture in the ideological field and tea put on a relationship. Politicians, where the tea is to promote a clean, against the wind of a luxury tool; in Cifu home, tea is caused by thinking means to help Ching Hing; Buddhist opinion, tea is the essential thing that meditation into the static. In this way, the tea culture, the social function beyond its natural function, the Chinese tea culture emerged. The formation of the Tang Dynasty, tea culture and the prevailing economic, cultural, development. Tang Dynasty, a vast territory, focusing on foreign exchanges, Chang'an was the political and cultural center of China's tea culture is formed in such a climate. The formation of the tea culture and the current development of Buddhism, the imperial examination system, the rise of poems wind Sheng Kung tea related to temperance. Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu Tea Science self-contained sets, tea ceremony, tea ceremony ideas, and their book, "Tea" is a landmark in the. "Tea" non-referred only tea, but the penetration of various home the essence and the poet and art ideas which, laid the theoretical foundation of the Chinese tea culture.
We're still working on our own plans to grab that $10 million Tricorder X-Prize from Qualcomm and our progress has just been given a shot in the arm from Dr. Peter Jansen, who's released the designs for his tricorders. Making all the specifics open source, his Mark 2 model runs on Linux, while the hardware includes an ARM Atmel microcontroller squeezed into a clam-shell with two OLED touchscreens. Schematics, board layouts, and the firmware is all available at the source below and also includes the initial proof-of-concept device. The tricorders need six AAA to run and include sensors for temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, ambient light, distance and even magnetic fields. Dr. Jansen's hope is to make scientists out of everyone -- including your kids. That is, right after they ask you what Star Trek is.
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We love working with technology companies in the greater Pittsburgh region and beyond, and we?re always looking for new ways to add to the services we provide.
More and more, businesses that wouldn?t consider themselves tech companies are encountering legal problems that involve technology and intellectual property.? The same goes for individuals who wouldn?t consider themselves tech-savvy people.? As of December, 2011, Americans spend, on average, almost?30 hours a month?using the Internet.? Of those hours,?1 out of every 6 minutes online is spent on social networking?websites. ?Email, social networking, and e-commerce are becoming more and more essential to our daily lives, and our firm is concentrating its efforts on providing high level service in this area for all our clients.
Photographic evidence of how kids played before computers
Elliott & Davis is very excited to announce that we recently rolled out a new website,?Pittsburgh Cyberlaw, and with it launched a new practice area in Cyberlaw?one of a handful in the Pittsburgh area.
Our Cyberlaw practice specializes in legal issues related to cutting-edge technologies, e-commerce, blogging, and intellectual property (IP).? ?Our firm recognizes the importance of understanding the technology behind the legal issues and strives to deliver services that combine our top-notch legal expertise with real-world technology experience.
The Cyberlaw practice at Elliott & Davis includes the following services:
? Drafting Important Online Legal Documents
o Terms of Service Agreements (TOS Agreements)
o Privacy Policies
o Clickwrap Agreements
o Technology Licensing
? Web, Software, and App Developer Tools
o End User License Agreements (EULAs)
o Software Licensing
o Intellectual Property Services (Copyright and Trademark)
o Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Compliance
o Cybersquatting and UDRP Help
? Blogger and Social Networking Resources
o Free Speech Issues
o Online Defamation
o Censorship
If are interested in learning more about our cyberlaw services or our?Cyberlaw Team, please visit our website at?www.pittsburghcyberlaw.com?or visit our cyberlaw blog at:?http://www.pghcyberlaw.tumblr.com.
Referrals are critical to the ongoing success of our business.? Please feel free to forward this post to anyone you think might be interested in learning more about our Cyberlaw practice.
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About the Author
Michalkriesch is an author who always writes about wedding photographers, wedding photography sydney and wedding photographer sydney.
Crexendo offers internet marketing workshops to business managers and owners free of charge. It is important for a business or a practice to have the ability to generate quality leads and considerable revenue from its target market, locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. Through the workshop, trainers impart their expertise and assist firms by sharing the proven techniques they know about promoting websites online. The workshop is conducted in a manner, in which audiences, regardless of the level of expertise, will grasp the useful concepts with ease.
The purpose of the company in creating this free workshop is to provide people information that may be useful to them, while at the same time it also aims to build its brand image. In the workshop, the speaker spends a few minutes in introducing the company and the kind of business solutions it offers. The speaker will then hold a 1 to 2 hours of seminar about proven online marketing techniques and ways on how to rank high on search engines in a sustainable manner.
Participants of the workshop can learn many things about the different techniques involved in SEO and in promoting a website. Sub topics discussed in the workshop are Search Engine Optimization or SEO, Conversion Rate Optimization or CRO and Pay-Per-Click campaigns or PPC campaigns. Also discussed in the workshop are the different ways to generate great links and promote website through social media.
People attending the workshop can expect to find out the latest trends and techniques used in marketing a website. Accessing updated information is important especially since the entire web-based marketing is continuously changing, and the only way to be ahead of competition is to continuously learn as well. The speakers in every workshop conducted by the company are industry experts since they themselves administer their own websites and they also manage other people?s websites as well. The information they impart with the audience are from their own professional experiences.
To get an idea on the subjects usually discussed in a free Crexendo workshop, past topics include concepts on how internet can be used by businesses as a tool for growth. In the past workshops, factors that influence search engine rankings were discussed as well. Satisfied audiences of the workshop are owners of small businesses who are locating ways to break through the local, national and international market and firms or practices who are aiming to get more local traffic on their website. Organizations who want to know the various techniques related to lead generation will find the workshop useful. Organizations, who are just planning on creating online presence or developing their online presence can find the workshop helpful to them as well.
When the bicycle was invented, it started to revolutionize the way people travel. Even though the forerunner of bicycles called the ?dandy horse? originated in Germany, The two-wheeled transport became the standard personal vehicle for billions of people in many parts of the world. In time, the bike evolved into a vehicle used in sport and recreation. Its design, type of materials used and accessories also changed dramatically, together with the way bikers use them. The mountain bike is one of the classes of bikes that were developed for sport and recreation. It was intended for off-road cycling where terrains are rough and full of natural obstacles. Very few bike manufacturers dared to venture into the production of mountain bikes, because of its stressful application. Scott Sports is one of the few sports equipment manufacturers who ventured into mountain bike production in 1986. At present, the Scott bike is one of the most popular types of mountain bike, not only in Europe, but in other continents as well. Their models become an instant hit with athletes and hobbyists. Some of the popular ones are the Scott Addict, Contessa Speedster and Contessa Spark.
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Public release date: 30-Mar-2012
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